Business

BGF has reported a strong year of investment and exit activity in 2025, underpinned by landmark portfolio realisations, robust trading performance and continued backing for founders across the UK and Ireland.

The growth capital investor returned more than £600 million during the year, delivering a money multiple of over 2x, and paid a £75 million dividend to shareholders. The performance was driven by a series of high-profile exits, led by the sale of OrganOx, which generated BGF’s largest-ever return.

BGF had supported OrganOx (pictured) with six follow-on investments, and the exit valued the business at $1.5 billion, delivering £175 million of proceeds. The transaction is one of the largest medtech exits on record in the UK. Additional exits during the year included green technology specialist Monodraught and uPVC sash window manufacturer Victorian Sliders, both of which delivered substantial returns.

Portfolio performance remained strong throughout the year. Companies within BGF’s Growth portfolio increased revenues by more than 10 per cent on average, while EBITDA growth exceeded 20 per cent, reflecting resilient trading conditions and operational progress despite a challenging macroeconomic backdrop.

Investment activity was also robust. BGF deployed £416 million in 2025, comprising 23 new growth investments, five early-stage investments and 45 follow-on rounds. This equated to £280 million into new growth deals, £25 million into early-stage businesses and £111 million in follow-on capital.

Notable new investments included £15 million into Nottingham-based Cronofy to support product development and international expansion; a £30 million investment in London-based TMT ID to accelerate US growth and enhance its mobile identity and fraud prevention technology; and £15 million backing Scottish housebuilder Cruden to support sustainable housing delivery and regional expansion.

Deal activity in 2025 also coincided with a major strategic milestone for BGF, which announced a £3 billion commitment to invest in UK businesses over the next five years. The pledge represents a step up from the £2.3 billion invested between 2020 and 2024 and includes at least £300 million earmarked for female-powered businesses, reinforcing BGF’s focus on inclusive growth and widening access to capital.

The firm strengthened its leadership and advisory capabilities during the year through a series of senior appointments. Anita Dougall joined the board as a non-executive director, bringing entrepreneurial and data-led growth expertise. Tracy Bownes was appointed head of value creation to deepen operational support for portfolio companies, while Tom Pearson joined as head of data and AI. Indro Mukerjee also joined BGF’s Deep Tech & Climate Advisory Board, adding specialist insight into innovation-led growth.

Andy Gregory, chief executive of BGF, said the results reflected the strength of the firm’s regional model and its long-term approach to growth capital.

“2025 was a strong year for BGF, with landmark exits and continued support for founders across the UK and Ireland,” he said. “Our performance reflects our ability to deploy flexible capital at scale while providing hands-on support to help businesses grow, create jobs and contribute to long-term economic growth.”

Since its launch in 2011, BGF-backed companies have delivered £7.1 billion in revenue growth, £1 billion in export growth and created more than 27,000 jobs, highlighting the impact of patient capital on the real economy.

BGF’s social impact arm also expanded its activity in 2025. The BGF Foundation announced its largest-ever funding commitment, with £820,000 allocated to new multi-year partnerships, follow-on funding and staff grants. The foundation worked with more than 30 UK charities during the year, providing unrestricted funding, strategic advice and pro bono support, while employee-led volunteering time has increased by more than 60 per cent over the past three years.

Looking ahead, 2026 will mark BGF’s 15th anniversary. To coincide with the milestone, the firm plans to launch a “Celebration of Entrepreneurship”, showcasing the achievements of BGF-backed founders and the role long-term growth capital has played in scaling businesses across the UK and Ireland.

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BGF posts strong deal flow and landmark exits in 2025, returning £600m to investors

One in three graduates who are out of work and claiming benefits say poor health is preventing them from finding employment, as new analysis highlights mounting concern over the value of some university degrees and the UK’s approach to skills training.

Research by the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ) shows that 707,000 graduates are now claiming benefits, a 46 per cent increase since 2019. Of those, around 240,000 cited health problems as the main reason they were unable to work in 2025, up from 117,000 before the pandemic.

The findings come against a backdrop of rising economic inactivity among young people. Government data indicates there are almost 950,000 people not in education, employment or training (Neets), with the CSJ reporting that 80 per cent of benefit-claiming graduates under the age of 30 point to health-related issues.

The picture is particularly stark among 16- to 24-year-olds who are out of work. Only 34 per cent hold qualifications at A level or above, while around 30 per cent have GCSE-level qualifications and 36 per cent have qualifications below GCSE or of unknown level.

The analysis has intensified scrutiny of degrees with low earning potential. According to the CSJ, some performing arts graduates from institutions including the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama and University of Wales Trinity Saint David earned less than £20,000 five years after graduating. Psychology graduates from University of Suffolk and the University of Bolton earned under £21,000 over the same period.

In a report published in December, the CSJ urged ministers to “stop churning out graduates and start training workers”, arguing that vocational routes offer stronger outcomes for many young people.

Its analysis found that higher-level apprenticeships consistently outperform degrees in earnings terms. While the lowest-paid quarter of graduates earned £24,800 five years after finishing university, those completing level 2 apprenticeships earned £24,810, rising to £28,260 for level 3 apprenticeships. Higher-level apprenticeships, including roles such as accounting technicians, child therapists and network engineers, delivered average earnings of £37,300.

Similar conclusions have been reached by the Resolution Foundation, which found that the graduate wage premium has steadily eroded. Two decades ago, graduates earned around 2.5 times the minimum wage; by 2023 that figure had fallen to 1.6 times.

The CSJ also highlighted the UK’s heavy reliance on university routes compared with European peers. For every three young people entering university in Britain, only one pursues vocational training. In the Netherlands the ratio is two-to-one, while in Germany it is one-to-one.

The findings place renewed pressure on Keir Starmer, who said last year that the UK’s benefits system was “broken” and that reform was a “moral imperative”. The government initially aimed to save £5 billion by tightening eligibility for Personal Independence Payment (PIP) and other health-related benefits, but those plans were delayed after opposition from Labour backbenchers.

The number of people claiming PIP continues to rise, with around 3.9 million recipients in October 2024, 200,000 more than at the start of the year. The Department for Work and Pensions forecasts that 8.7 million people will be claiming disability-related benefits by the start of the next decade, up from just under 7 million today.

Former Labour cabinet minister Alan Milburn, who is leading a government-commissioned review into youth inactivity, warned last week of a “lost generation” of almost one million people aged 16 to 24 who are neither working nor studying. He argued that successive governments had prioritised policies benefiting older generations, leaving Britain facing a “moral, social and economic crisis”.

A government spokesperson said ministers were determined to support young people into work, pointing to a new jobs guarantee and £1.5 billion of investment in apprenticeships and training.

“We’re helping young people who are out of work into paid placements, with employers such as E.ON, JD Sports, Tesco and TUI already pledged,” the spokesperson said. “We’ve also commissioned Alan Milburn to get to the root of what’s holding young people back, because this issue demands urgent action.”

The CSJ argues that without a decisive shift away from low-value degrees and towards vocational and technical training, the number of graduates unable to find work, and reliant on benefits, will continue to rise.

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One in three graduates on benefits say poor health prevents them from working

Jaguar is reportedly exploring a potential U-turn on its commitment to become an all-electric car brand, amid concerns over EV demand and lingering backlash to its controversial rebrand.

According to sources cited by the Sunday Times, Jaguar has instructed engineers in the UK to explore the development of a petrol-electric hybrid powertrain that could be offered alongside its forthcoming electric models. The move would represent a significant shift from the company’s stated ambition to sell only battery-electric cars.

The project is said to focus on a so-called range-extender electric vehicle (REEV), a configuration in which a small petrol engine acts solely as a generator to recharge the battery, rather than driving the wheels directly. Advocates say the technology can alleviate “range anxiety” by offering long total driving distances without relying entirely on charging infrastructure.

The reported initiative comes after a turbulent period for the marque, which has faced public criticism over its electric-only reboot and high-profile rebrand, alongside a cyberattack last August and a reshuffle at senior management level.

Late last year Jaguar Land Rover appointed PB Balaji as chief executive, parachuting him in from parent company Tata Motors to oversee Jaguar’s strategic redirection.

Jaguar’s first model under the reboot, a £120,000 to £140,000 electric grand tourer, is due to be unveiled this summer and has recently completed extreme cold-weather testing near the Arctic Circle. When asked last month whether Jaguar might reconsider its EV-only plans, managing director Rawdon Glover insisted the company remained “100 per cent committed to a pure-electric future”.

A spokesperson for Jaguar reiterated that position, saying: “Our plans to reinvent Jaguar as an electric-only automotive brand are unchanged.”

Range-extender vehicles have gained traction in China, where brands such as Leapmotor offer models with ranges exceeding 600 miles. While REEVs account for only a small share of new electrified vehicle sales, analysts expect the technology to grow in United States as a transitional step towards full electrification.

In Europe, however, the concept has largely been overlooked since early experiments such as the Vauxhall Ampera, launched in the UK in 2012 under the General Motors umbrella. Despite winning European Car of the Year, the Ampera was discontinued in 2015 after weak sales.

Under current UK rules, REEVs, along with hybrids, can continue to be sold for five years beyond the 2030 ban on new petrol and diesel cars, potentially giving manufacturers greater flexibility as the transition to electric accelerates.

If Jaguar were to offer a range-extender option, it could provide significantly longer real-world range than the roughly 400 miles expected from its upcoming electric GT, while maintaining an electric-first driving experience.

Jaguar declined to comment on reports of hybrid development, reiterating that its electric-only strategy remains intact. However, the speculation highlights the growing pressure on premium carmakers as EV demand softens in key markets and consumers weigh practicality against ambition in the shift to electric mobility.

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Could Jaguar U-turn on its all-electric future after EV rebrand backlash?

Synthesia has raised $200 million (£146 million) in fresh funding in a round led by Google Ventures, pushing the London-based company’s valuation to $4 billion and cementing its position as one of the UK’s most valuable artificial intelligence businesses.

The investment marks a sharp step up from Synthesia’s previous £146 million Series D round in January 2025, which valued the company at $2.1 billion, highlighting the speed at which the business has scaled amid the global AI boom.

The latest round also attracted backing from Evantic, founded by former Sequoia partner Matt Miller, and Hedosophia, alongside participation from existing investors including NVentures, Accel, Kleiner Perkins, New Enterprise Associates, PSP Growth, Air Street Capital and MMC Ventures.

As part of the transaction, Synthesia will also facilitate an employee secondary share sale in partnership with NASDAQ, priced at the new $4 billion valuation.

The company said the capital will be used to “build a category-defining company that will transform how employees learn”, with a focus on enterprise learning and development, internal knowledge sharing, product marketing and sales enablement, powered by increasingly autonomous AI agents.

Founded in London, Synthesia enables businesses to create studio-quality video content using AI-generated avatars, eliminating the need for cameras, actors or production studios. The platform is now used by more than 90 per cent of Fortune 100 companies to streamline corporate communications, training and marketing.

The business has seen rapid growth through 2025, with annual recurring revenue surpassing $100 million. Co-founder and chief executive Victor Riparbelli recently revealed that the company generated $2 million in ARR in a single day.

Synthesia became a unicorn in 2023 and has since accelerated its international expansion, targeting markets including Japan, Australia, Europe and North America. It now employs more than 500 people across offices in London, New York, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Zurich and Munich, with a significant proportion of its revenue coming from the United States.

In July, the company opened a new 20,000-square-foot headquarters in London, attended by Sadiq Khan and business secretary Peter Kyle.

Riparbelli said the funding would allow Synthesia to scale its long-term vision. “Synthesia was founded on two core beliefs: that AI will bring the cost of content creation down to zero, and that AI video provides a more engaging way for organisations to communicate and learn,” he said.

“We’re seeing a convergence of two major shifts — more capable AI agents and a market where upskilling and internal knowledge sharing are now board-level priorities. We intend to build the defining company at that intersection.”

The chancellor, Rachel Reeves, hailed the raise as a sign of the UK’s growing strength in AI. “Synthesia is a UK success story, creating new jobs and opportunities,” she said. “By backing innovators to start, scale and stay in Britain, we can turn the promise of AI into better-paid jobs and long-term economic growth.”

The funding underlines strong investor appetite for enterprise-focused AI platforms and places Synthesia at the forefront of the next wave of workplace automation and digital learning.

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Synthesia raises $200m at $4bn valuation in Google Ventures-led round

Gold surged past $5,000 an ounce for the first time on Monday as investors piled into safe-haven assets amid a weakening dollar, renewed currency market volatility and escalating geopolitical tensions.

The price of the precious metal climbed 1.7 per cent to $5,075.97 an ounce, extending a rally that has gathered pace this year as markets grapple with political uncertainty and shifting global power dynamics. Silver also surged, jumping 5 per cent to a fresh record high of $107.99 an ounce.

Demand for gold has been underpinned by its traditional role as a store of value during periods of economic, political and military instability. The rally has been reinforced by a softer US dollar, which makes gold and silver cheaper for buyers using other currencies.

Currency markets were on edge after sharp moves in the Japanese yen reignited speculation of a joint intervention by the United States and Japan to stabilise the currency. The yen strengthened more than 1 per cent to 153.99 per dollar, rebounding after violent swings late last week that marked its sharpest moves in years.

The prospect of coordinated action would be the first US–Japan intervention in 15 years. Japan’s prime minister Sanae Takaichi has said the government would take “necessary steps” to counter speculative currency moves ahead of the February 8 snap election.

“The possibility of coordination means shorting the yen is no longer a one-way bet,” said Prashant Newnaha, a strategist at TD Securities.

The dollar weakened against a basket of major currencies, including sterling, which was trading at $1.3665. The currency moves added pressure to equity markets, with Japan’s Nikkei 225 falling 1.7 per cent.

Geopolitical concerns also weighed heavily on investor sentiment. Markets were unsettled after a turbulent week in which unease over Washington’s stance on Greenland briefly rattled confidence, while fresh US sanctions targeting Iran revived fears of a wider conflict in the Middle East.

Those tensions pushed oil prices higher, adding to inflationary concerns and bolstering demand for precious metals. Brent crude rose 0.5 per cent to $65.43 a barrel, following a 3 per cent jump on Friday.

While President Donald Trump offered temporary market relief by easing some tariff threats, the US has simultaneously tightened restrictions on Iranian oil shipments, reinforcing concerns over global energy supply and regional stability.

Investors are now turning their attention to the upcoming policy meeting of the Federal Reserve. Interest rates are widely expected to remain unchanged, but the meeting is overshadowed by a criminal investigation involving Fed chair Jerome Powell, whose term is due to end in May.

With currency volatility, geopolitical risk and political uncertainty converging, analysts say the surge in gold reflects a broader flight to safety — and signals just how fragile market confidence has become.

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Gold breaks $5,000 an ounce for first time as investors flee to safety

The government has made a £25 million investment in Kraken Technologies in a bid to persuade the fast-growing artificial intelligence business to list in London rather than New York.

The investment, made by the British Business Bank, is the state lender’s largest direct commitment to a single company to date and forms part of Kraken’s wider $1 billion funding round ahead of its demerger from Octopus Energy.

Ministers hope the backing will help anchor the $9 billion AI platform in the UK and support a future flotation on the London Stock Exchange, amid growing concern about Britain’s ability to retain high-growth technology firms.

Speaking during a visit to Kraken’s London headquarters, business secretary Peter Kyle said the investment formed part of a broader £125 million package designed to help scale-up companies grow and list domestically.

“I want Kraken to be known as a British success,” Kyle said. “I want the London Stock Exchange to be a beacon for global investors as well as British companies looking to go public.”

Kraken is an AI-powered software platform that manages billing and customer services for energy companies. Originally developed by Octopus Energy, the platform has been licensed to several rival suppliers and now handles billing for around half of all UK households, as well as roughly 55 million households worldwide.

Last month, Kraken secured a $1 billion investment from new and existing shareholders as part of its separation from Octopus Energy, valuing the business at $8.65 billion.

Greg Jackson, founder of Octopus Energy and a government adviser, said he would personally prefer to see Kraken list in London, but acknowledged competition from overseas markets.

“The UK has to win it on its merits,” he said. “Having the British Business Bank at the table means it can influence whether a listing ends up in London or New York.”

Jackson said Kraken could be ready to list as early as 2027, but stressed there was no fixed timetable. “It will be about when the company is ready,” he said.

The move comes amid heightened scrutiny of the UK’s capital markets following a wave of de-listings, aborted IPO plans and companies shifting their primary listings overseas, particularly to the United States. While there have been tentative signs of recovery in London’s IPO market, ministers are under pressure to demonstrate that Britain can support companies through the crucial scale-up phase.

Alongside the Kraken investment, the government announced two £50 million commitments to life sciences and technology funds, including Epidarex Capital and IQ Capital, as part of what Kyle described as “big bets on the industries where Britain can win”.

The government has also pledged £180 million for battery research and development through a £452 million innovation programme under its industrial strategy, and is pressing ahead with plans to reduce regulation, including reviews of health and safety and agricultural technology rules.

The role of the British Business Bank has been expanded following Labour’s spending review and industrial strategy last year. The bank, which is headquartered in Sheffield and was established in 2014 to improve access to finance for UK businesses, received £6.6 billion in new capital in June, taking its total financial capacity to £25.6 billion.

Kyle, who took over as business secretary in September, said the aim was to ensure Britain’s most promising companies grow at home rather than being sold or listing overseas.

“We are the start-up capital of Europe,” he said. “But we are not yet good enough at scaling and keeping businesses here, to build here, grow here and expand here. Too often, companies reach a certain size and then move on.”

Ministers say targeted state-backed investment in sectors such as AI, life sciences and advanced batteries will be critical if the UK is to compete with the deep capital markets of the United States and retain its next generation of global technology champions.

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Government steps in with £25m investment to keep AI firms listed in London

Poundland has closed 149 stores and cut 2,200 jobs as part of a sweeping turnaround plan aimed at stabilising the business after a period of heavy losses and declining sales.

The discount retailer said the closures mark the final phase of a restructuring programme launched last year, following a collapse into the red that was blamed on weak trading conditions and an unpopular overhaul of its clothing ranges.

Poundland was bought for £1 from Pepco Group in June last year by US restructuring specialist Gordon Brothers, which has since pledged up to £80 million to revive the business.

As part of the reset, Poundland has refocused on its core proposition, with around 60 per cent of its range now priced at £1. The retailer is also relaunching its Pep & Co clothing label after sales were hit by a switch to ranges supplied by its former parent company.

Adult Pep & Co clothing will return to stores by the end of this month, with children’s and baby ranges due to follow in February.

The closures form part of a wider shake-up first announced last June after Poundland posted a £51 million pre-tax loss in 2024. Alongside store closures, the plan included rent reductions, the closure of distribution centres, the end of online sales, the scrapping of its Perks loyalty app and the withdrawal from frozen and most chilled food categories.

Poundland confirmed that its frozen and digital distribution centre in Darton, South Yorkshire, and its national distribution centre at Springvale in Bilston, West Midlands, have now closed. Two other distribution centres, in Wigan and Harlow, remain operational.

Despite the upheaval, the company reported signs of improvement. Underlying profits more than doubled to £17.3 million in the three months to 28 December compared with the same period a year earlier. The number of items sold rose by 2 per cent, although like-for-like sales at established stores fell 2.9 per cent, even after stripping out categories that are no longer sold.

Founded in 1990 with its first store in Burton upon Trent, Poundland has struggled in recent years amid rising business rates, energy and staffing costs, as well as intense competition from rivals including The Range, B&M, Savers and low-cost online platforms such as Temu and Shein.

The discount sector has already seen significant consolidation. Wilko collapsed in 2023, with its brand later acquired by The Range, while Poundstretcher was bought in 2024 by Fortress, owner of Majestic Wine. Poundworld shut its 350 stores in 2018, and Poundland previously acquired rival 99p Stores in 2015.

Barry Williams, managing director of Poundland, said the store closure programme was now complete and that early signs suggested the turnaround was gaining traction.

“We have clear indications from the work we’ve already done that we’re on the right track,” he said. “While there’s been significant progress as we re-focus and re-energise the business with lower prices and a sharper offer, we know we still have much to do.”

Williams said customers wanted a simpler proposition that delivered clear value. “That’s why our focus in 2026 will be on delivering the kind of ranges and price simplicity our customers want across the store — from clothing and homewares to our core grocery aisles,” he added.

Gordon Brothers said its planned £80 million investment would support Poundland’s recovery as it seeks to rebuild profitability in an increasingly competitive discount retail market.

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Poundland shuts 149 stores and cuts 2,200 jobs in £1 refocus turnaround

Scarlett Johansson and Cate Blanchett are among hundreds of actors, musicians and writers backing a new campaign accusing artificial intelligence companies of unlawfully exploiting creative work to train their systems.

The campaign, titled “Stealing Isn’t Innovation”, launched on Thursday with the support of around 800 creative professionals, including the band R.E.M. and bestselling author Jodi Picoult.

In a joint statement, the signatories accuse technology companies of using copyrighted material “without authorisation or regard for copyright law” to build commercial AI platforms.

“Artists, writers and creators of all kinds are banding together with a simple message,” the statement said. “Stealing our work is not innovation. It’s not progress. It’s theft — plain and simple.”

The campaign urges AI developers to pursue licensing agreements and partnerships with rights holders rather than scraping creative content from the open web. It also acknowledges firms that have already taken that approach. OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT, has signed licensing deals with organisations including Disney and The Guardian, while Warner Music Group has reached an agreement with AI music generator Suno.

Despite these deals, copyright remains one of the most contentious issues in the AI boom. Large language models and image generators rely on vast datasets drawn from online text, images and audio to generate responses. Many creators argue this material is protected intellectual property and should not be used without consent or compensation.

AI firms, including OpenAI, have countered that using publicly available data falls under “fair use”, a doctrine in US law that permits limited use of copyrighted material without permission in certain circumstances. The argument is now being tested in courts, with dozens of lawsuits filed in the United States over the past two years.

Johansson has already found herself at the centre of the debate. In 2024, she accused OpenAI of using a voice that closely resembled her own for a ChatGPT assistant, saying she was “shocked, angered and in disbelief”. The company subsequently removed the voice.

Other high-profile supporters of the campaign include actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan and singer Cyndi Lauper. Gilligan previously described generative AI as “the world’s most expensive and energy-intensive plagiarism machine”.

The initiative has been organised by the Human Artistry Campaign, whose backers include the Writers Guild of America, the Recording Industry Association of America and actors’ union SAG-AFTRA, which went on strike in 2023 partly over concerns about AI use.

The debate is also intensifying in the UK. The government has faced criticism over proposals that would allow AI firms to use copyrighted material without prior permission unless creators explicitly opt out. The technology secretary, Liz Kendall, said this month that ministers were seeking a “reset” on the policy, with an official review expected to be published in March.

As AI adoption accelerates across media, entertainment and publishing, the campaign signals a growing push by creators to assert control over how their work is used — and to ensure that the next wave of technological innovation does not come at their expense.

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Scarlett Johansson and Cate Blanchett back campaign accusing AI firms of ‘theft’

The Bank of England is accelerating the expansion of its Leeds operation as part of a wider drive to cut costs, reduce headcount and overhaul its London estate.

Under new plans approved by the Bank’s court of directors, half of all external recruitment will now be based in Leeds, as governors push to meet a long-standing commitment to station 500 staff in the city by 2027 – roughly one in ten of the Bank’s total workforce.

Minutes from the court show that executive directors have been instructed to allocate 50 per cent of new hires to the northern hub in order to “further progress” the regional expansion, even as the institution pursues an ambitious cost-saving programme.

The move comes amid plans to slim down the Bank’s overall headcount and deliver operating cost savings of 8 per cent in the next financial year, in an effort to limit the growth of levies charged to the financial services industry.

The Leeds push has been in train since the Bank announced five years ago that it would establish a major northern presence. A larger office opened in the city in 2023, and expansion has been driven through a mix of voluntary relocations from London and local recruitment.

Progress has been slower than initially hoped. As of December 2024, only 156 London-based staff had expressed an interest in relocating, despite the Bank offering up to £8,000 in expenses to encourage moves. There are currently just over 200 Bank of England employees based in Leeds.

Governor Andrew Bailey has previously described the Leeds office as an opportunity to better reflect the communities the Bank serves and to broaden its talent pool beyond London.

The expansion in Leeds is also closely linked to a major internal transformation programme following an external review of the Bank’s forecasting and modelling capabilities, led by Ben Bernanke. Officials have described the reforms as the most significant shake-up of the institution since it was granted operational independence in 1997.

As part of the restructuring, staff have been invited to apply for voluntary redundancy under a “mutually agreed resignation” scheme aimed at delivering sustainable savings. Employees based in Leeds are exempt from the redundancy process.

At the same time, the Bank is preparing to consolidate its London footprint. It plans to vacate 20 Moorgate, the headquarters of the Prudential Regulation Authority since 2012, when the lease expires in 2028. Most staff will be relocated to the Bank’s historic Threadneedle Street site, which is undergoing extensive renovation.

Directors described the overhaul of the Bank’s estate as a “once in a generation opportunity” to improve both its premises and its geographical reach. However, they also warned of reputational risks associated with the redevelopment, stressing the importance of a robust business case and clear communication, given the historic significance of the Threadneedle Street building.

The court noted that any future expansion of the Bank’s workforce could be accommodated by further growth in Leeds rather than additional space in London.

The Bank of England first opened a branch in Leeds in 1827 and is now based at Yorkshire House, a refurbished 1937 building. The city was chosen for its strong financial and professional services sector, access to commercial real estate, large higher education base, and growing strengths in data, artificial intelligence and green finance.

A Bank of England spokesperson said: “Our UK footprint ensures we best represent the public we serve, build stronger links across the regions, and attract a wider pool of talented workers. Over the coming years, we plan to consolidate our London locations and, in the meantime, continue to expand our presence in Leeds.”

The shift underlines how the central bank is seeking to balance regional expansion with fiscal restraint, as it modernises its operations and responds to growing scrutiny of costs, governance and public accountability.

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Bank of England accelerates Leeds expansion as part of cost-cutting overhaul

Amazon is preparing to cut thousands more jobs as part of a sweeping overhaul driven by artificial intelligence and internal restructuring, according to reports.

The world’s largest retailer is expected to announce a second round of layoffs as soon as next week, following the removal of 14,000 white-collar roles in October. The latest cuts are expected to be of a similar scale, taking Amazon closer to its longer-term goal of shedding around 30,000 positions.

The company, founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos, who remains executive chairman and its largest individual shareholder, employs around 1.58 million people globally. While the planned reductions represent a small fraction of its total workforce, they amount to almost 10 per cent of Amazon’s corporate staff.

According to Reuters, the cuts are expected to affect teams across Amazon Web Services, retail operations, Prime Video and the company’s human resources division, known internally as People Experience and Technology. Other business units could also be impacted.

Amazon previously linked the October job cuts to the rapid adoption of AI, telling staff in an internal memo that the technology represented the most significant shift since the advent of the internet, enabling companies to innovate at unprecedented speed.

However, Andy Jassy later played down the idea that the layoffs were primarily driven by cost pressures or AI alone. Speaking during the company’s third-quarter earnings call, Jassy said the reductions were more about organisational design.

“It’s culture,” he told analysts. “You end up with a lot more people than what you had before, and you end up with a lot more layers.”

Jassy has previously warned that Amazon’s corporate workforce would shrink over time as efficiencies gained from AI reduce the need for certain roles. Like many large technology companies, Amazon has been increasingly using AI to write software code and deploying so-called AI agents to automate routine tasks.

The company showcased a new generation of AI models at its annual Amazon Web Services conference in December, underlining how central the technology has become to its future strategy.

If confirmed, the latest reductions would mark the largest layoffs in Amazon’s three-decade history. The company previously cut around 27,000 jobs in 2022 as it adjusted to slowing growth following the pandemic boom.

Employees affected by the October round of layoffs were kept on the payroll for 90 days, during which they could apply for internal roles or seek work elsewhere. That period is due to expire on Monday, adding to expectations that a fresh wave of announcements is imminent.

The move highlights how even the biggest technology groups are reshaping their workforces as AI transforms how corporate functions operate — raising fresh questions about the long-term impact of automation on white-collar employment.

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Amazon set to cut thousands more jobs as AI overhaul accelerates